Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

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Dr. Mian Muhammad Zahid Iqbal — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

On behalf of the editorial board, it is my great pleasure to address you in this issue of the Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (UJPR). Our journal continues to serve as a vital platform for the dissemination of high-quality, innovative research that bridges the gap between foundational pharmaceutical sciences and clinical practice. The dynamic landscape of global health presents both unprecedented challenges and remarkable opportunities, compelling us to continually evolve and expand the horizons of scientific inquiry. As an editorial board member, I firmly believe that UJPR’s mission to promote high-quality, peer-reviewed scientific contributions serves as a cornerstone for fostering collaboration between researchers, clinicians, and academicians worldwide. The diversity of topics published from pharmaceutical technology and clinical pharmacy to drug discovery and regulatory sciences reflects the journal’s commitment to addressing contemporary challenges while nurturing scientific curiosity and innovation. I would like to take this opportunity to thank our dedicated authors for entrusting their valuable work to UJPR, our reviewers for their constructive insights, and our readership for their continued engagement. I encourage researchers from all areas of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences to contribute their original work, reviews, and case studies to this journal, thereby strengthening our shared mission of advancing global health through science.

Together, through rigorous research and open scientific dialogue, we can continue to expand the horizons of pharmaceutical research for the benefit of humanity.

DISRUPTED ARGININE–NITRIC OXIDE SIGNALING IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES AND EMERGING THERAPEUTIC TARGETS

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Christian C. Ezeala — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is marked by ongoing hemolysis and blood vessel dysfunction, with the arginine–nitric oxide (NO) pathway being crucial to its pathophysiology. This review examines the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the disruption of the arginine–NO axis in SCD, emphasizing how hemolysis-mediated arginase release reduces L-arginine, the precursor for NO production, while cell-free hemoglobin captures bioactive NO. Moreover, increased concentrations of natural NOS inhibitors like asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and oxidative stress play a role in the uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which further diminishes NO bioavailability. Impaired citrulline–arginine recycling worsens substrate shortage, together resulting in endothelial dysfunction, vasoconstriction, and inflammation. Therapeutic strategies aimed at this pathway, such as arginine and citrulline supplementation, arginase inhibition, antioxidants, and NO donors, are examined, highlighting their ability to restore vascular balance.

Peer Review History:

Received 5 June 2025; Reviewed 11 July 2025; Accepted 20 August; Available online 15 September 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, gehankandeel9@yahoo.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Barkat Ali Khan, Kampala International University , Uganda, barki.gold@gmail.com

Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, ahsndkyc@gmail.com

EVALUATION OF NEUROSENSORY RECOVERY IN INFRAORBITAL AND INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE IMPAIRMENTS AFTER MAXILLOFACIAL FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background and aims: FSR has a substantial impact on patients' quality of life, but it is yet unknown how age, gender, repair timing, and surgical methods affect this. Optimizing surgical methods and enhancing clinical results depend on closing this knowledge gap. By looking at these factors, this study aims to offer evidence-based recommendations to direct patient treatment and improve recuperation techniques. Assessing the results of sensory neurological recovery in individuals with impairments in the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and infraorbital nerve (ION) after mandibular and zygomatico-maxillary complex (ZMC) fractures was the goal of this investigation.

Methods: The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) criteria were followed in conducting a systematic review. Age, sex, time from damage to repair, and repair method were prognostic factors. All reviews, animal studies, research papers published before 2014, and those without full-text access were excluded. On February 25, 2025, electronic searches were conducted in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Scopus databases.

Results: The analysis included a comprehensive dataset of 3491 patients, with a mean age of 34.25 years. The primary causes of fractures were traffic accidents (58.65 %), falls (20.56%), and assaults (20.79%). Treatment methods included open reduction (72.70%), closed reduction (7.27%), and conservative treatment (20.03%). Recovery outcomes indicated an overall recovery rate of 73.23%, with a mean follow-up duration of 186.5 days. The results were equal in both sexes, with higher rates in open reduction and early inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) repair.

Conclusions: Recovery outcomes indicated a high recovery rate, equally observed in both sexes, with higher rates for open reduction and early inferior alveolar nerve repair. The study emphasizes the critical role of treatment modalities and timing in influencing neurosensory recovery and calls for the adoption of standardized treatment protocols and expanded follow-up care. To validate these results and enhance clinical guidelines, more excellent research is required.

Peer Review History:

Received 11 June 2025; Reviewed 14 July 2025; Accepted 19 August; Available online 15 September 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Iman Muhammad Higazy, National Research Center, Egypt, imane.higazy@hotmail.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Branislav Ranković, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, rankovic@kg.ac.rs

Dr. Cecilia Nwadiuto Amadi, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria, cnamadi@rocketmail.com

DIGITAL TWINS FOR SICKLE CELL PATIENTS: INTEGRATING BIOINFORMATICS, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, AND CLINICAL DATA

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Christian C. Ezeala — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sickle cell disease is a genetically inherited blood disorder characterized by considerable clinical variability and frequent complications, including vaso-occlusive crises, strokes, and organ damage. Conventional care methods frequently struggle to forecast personal disease pathways or customize timely interventions. In this scenario, digital twin technology a real-time, data-centric virtual representation of a patient presents a unique chance to revolutionize disease management by combining genomics, clinical information, and computational intelligence. This review examines the convergence of bioinformatics and artificial intelligence in creating digital twins that can accurately model SCD pathophysiology. Bioinformatics tools derive insights from multiomics data, uncovering genetic factors and molecular pathways that affect disease severity. AI and machine learning algorithms subsequently evaluate intricate clinical and biometric data, facilitating immediate risk assessment, treatment modeling, and dynamic care planning. When connected to wearable devices and electronic health records, these technologies improve the responsiveness and personalization of care delivery.

Peer Review History:

Received 5 June 2025; Reviewed 11 July 2025; Accepted 20 August; Available online 15 September 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Jennifer Audu-Peter, University of Jos, Nigeria, drambia44@gmail.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Dalia Kamal Zaffar Ali, Modern University for technology and information, Egypt, dr.moda88@gmail.com

Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, toyinpharm@gmail.com

COPING WITH CANCER OF THE LUNG: PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE PATHWAYS

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Aakib Rahman Parray — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Lung cancer poses not just serious physical obstacles but also considerable emotional suffering, affecting patients’ mental well-being and overall quality of life. The diagnosis frequently provokes strong emotional responses such as fear, anxiety, and sorrow, further intensified by stigma and changes to identity. Psychological adjustment the manner in which individuals emotionally and cognitively adapt to the truths of their condition is essential for effective coping. Resilience, which is the capacity to sustain or recover psychological health in the face of challenges, is crucial for promoting positive adaptation to lung cancer. This review compiles existing insights on the coping mechanisms and resilience approaches used by lung cancer patients. Adaptive coping strategies like cognitive reframing, solving problems, and obtaining social support assist in reducing distress and enhancing emotional regulation. Factors that protect, such as robust social connections, spirituality, and previous coping experiences, enhance resilience. Therapeutic approaches, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, and meaning-centered psychotherapy, additionally boost patients’ ability to handle psychological difficulties and maintain hope. Healthcare professionals play a crucial role in promoting psychological adjustment and resilience through compassionate communication, regular mental health assessments, and coordinated psychosocial assistance

Peer Review History:

Received 6 June 2025; Reviewed 10 July 2025; Accepted 21 August; Available online 15 September 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, ari@ankara.edu.tr

Reviewers:

Dr. Eyassu Mathewos, School of public health, college of health sciences and medicine, Wolaita Soddo university- P.O. Box 158, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia.

Dr. Fátima Morales Marín, University of Murcia, Spain, fatima.morales@um.es

BEYOND HIV-ASSOCIATED ANEMIA: EXPLORING THE CONSEQUENCES OF REPEATED BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS IN HIV CARE

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Blood transfusions are an essential treatment in addressing anemia and associated complications in individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Nonetheless, frequent transfusions may result in various clinical, immunological, and psychosocial effects that are frequently neglected in standard treatment. This narrative review compiles existing evidence on the various impacts of multiple blood transfusions in HIV treatment. An extensive literature search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, including studies released from 2000 to 2024. Articles were chosen according to their relevance to HIV-related transfusion complications, encompassing clinical outcomes, immunological consequences, and psychosocial effects. We investigate risks including transfusion-related infections, iron accumulation, immune system alteration, and alloimmunization, as well as the psychological impacts of long-term reliance on transfusions. Unique challenges faced by pediatric populations in resource-limited settings are emphasized. Ultimately, approaches for reducing dependence on transfusions by means of prompt antiretroviral treatment, nutritional assistance, and novel therapies are examined. This review seeks to enhance more holistic and patient-focused HIV care models that go beyond just the quick resolution of anemia.

Peer Review History:

Received 3 June 2025; Reviewed 10 July 2025; Accepted 18 August; Available online 15 September 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, sally.elzahaby@yahoo.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Francis Adou Yapo, Felix Houphouet Boigny, University of Abidjan, Ivory Coast, fyapo@yahoo.fr

Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, sansan4240732@163.com

A SYSTEMS BASED APPROACH TO MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN A HEALTHCARE FACILITY’S WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK: A CASE STUDY

Mostafa Essam Eissa — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Water distribution systems within healthcare facilities are complex ecosystems that can harbor opportunistic pathogens, posing a significant risk to patient safety. Ensuring the microbiological quality of water requires rigorous monitoring and a deep understanding of the entire system, from source to point-of-use. This study undertakes a comprehensive statistical analysis of microbiological data from a healthcare facility’s water treatment and distribution network to identify contamination hotspots, evaluate the efficacy of critical treatment barriers, and map potential contamination pathways.

Methods: This retrospective case study analyzed heterotrophic plate count (HPC) data collected from 29 distinct sampling points throughout a healthcare facility’s water system. The points represented various stages, including municipal source water, intermediate treatment steps (softening, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis), storage tanks, and multiple points-of-use. Non-parametric statistical methods were employed due to the non-normal distribution of microbial data. A Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-hoc analysis was used to compare microbial loads across all sampling points. A focused Mann-Whitney U test was performed to assess the performance of the ultrafiltration (UF) unit.

Results: The analysis revealed significant variability in microbiological quality throughout the system (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.0001). One point-of-use and a pre-UF exhibited high median microbial counts and extreme variability, indicating chronic contamination and potential biofilm proliferation. Critically, the ultrafiltration unit failed to demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in microbial load between the pre-filter.

Conclusion: The data reveals variability in microbiological levels across the water system, suggesting that the ultrafiltration barrier's performance is a significant factor influencing downstream water quality. The data points to systemic issues, likely involving widespread biofilm, that compromise water quality at the points-of-use.

Peer Review History:

Received 1 June 2025; Reviewed 8 July 2025; Accepted 14 August; Available online 15 September 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, tamer_hassan@pharm.suez.edu.eg

Reviewers:

Dr. Gülay B Anadolu, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, gbuyukko@anadolu.edu.tr

Prof. Dr. A. Hakan AKTAŞ, Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Chemistry, Isparta-Turkey, hakanaktas@sdu.edu.tr

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MODIFIED OCCLUSAL SPLINT IN TREATMENT OF OROMANDIBULAR DYSTONIA FOR A SAMPLE OF YEMENI PATIENTS

Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background and aim: Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by sustained or periodic muscle contractions, resulting in abnormal, often repetitive, body movements or postures, or both. The movements are typically stereotyped and twisting, and may resemble a tremor. This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a modified occlusal splint (the AL Hadi Modified Occlusal Splint) in the treatment of oromandibular dystonia (OMD).

Methodology: Modified Al-Hadi occlusal splints were fitted to 25 patients (21 males and 4 females) with oromandibular dystonia (OMD) and uncontrolled lateral mandibular deviation. These patients underwent monthly follow-ups for six months. The effectiveness of the modified occlusal splint was assessed by measuring changes in speech, pain, discomfort, involuntary lateral jaw movement, and mastication ability. Scores for each symptom ranged from 0 to 4, with a higher score indicating severe impairment.

Result: The results showed significant improvement in chewing ability starting from the second visit, as well as significant improvement in speech and discomfort (involuntary lateral jaw movement). However, no significant improvement was observed in pain levels. For example, at the six-month follow-up, 8% of patients reported normal chewing ability, 68% could eat anything without significant time-consuming, and 24% could only eat soft foods. Furthermore, no patient found it difficult or time-consuming to eat only soft foods or liquids. Furthermore, 16% of patients reported normal comfort, and no patient reported severe discomfort.

Conclusion: The modified occlusal splint has promise improvement in speech, mastication ability and uncontrolled lateral jaw movement.

Peer Review History:

Received 6 June 2025; Reviewed 12 July 2025; Accepted 22 August; Available online 15 September 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id

Reviewers:

Ahmed Tagelsir Mohamed Ali, National University, Sudan, ahmedtagelsir7@hotmail.com

Antonio José de Jesus Evangelista, Federal University of Ceará, UFC, Brazil, tony_biomed@hotmail.com

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE BRANDS OF SLIDENAFIL CITRATE TABLETS IN SUDANESE MARKETS

Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Aim and Objectives: This study assessed the quality of Sildenafil citrate tablet products, whether locally produced or imported, available in the Sudanese market, aiming to determine their potential interchangeability in clinical use.

Methods: The quality evaluation of the drug products covered physical and organoleptic characteristics, along with tests for weight variation, friability, hardness, disintegration time, dissolution profile, and determination of Sildenafil content. The assay was performed using the standard HPLC method.

Results: Findings indicated that the similarity between brand E & F was noticed in color, shape, film coat and weight, brand E, friability and hardness results were acceptable, the dissolution result showed that the peak release of the drug is between 30-45 minutes, disintegration of the tablet was not faster than brand F but shorter than brand S. Brands E and S were found to be containing more that the assumed concentration of Sildenafil Citrate (50 mg).

Conclusion: The finding of this research clearly notes that the range of the active ingredient content in two brands out of the three is obviously way above limits. USP states that the tablet assay range flouts between 90-110%. Sildenafil is now widely prescribed for pulmonary hypertension in children here in Sudan, and it has been used with a high success ratio in this field, so the dosing system should be carefully measured, and without a proper Q.A, Q.C testing of the brands itself, it could lead to a very dangerous consequences.

Peer Review History:

Received 8 June 2025; Reviewed 11 July 2025; Accepted 20 August; Available online 15 September 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com

Reviewers:

Aya Mohammed Mohammed Essawy, MTI University- Mokattam, Egypt, aya.essawy@gmail.com

Dina Abd Elfattah Eldakhs, Pharos university (PUA), Egypt, dina_eldakhs@yahoo.com

SINGLE INSERTION TECHNIQUE DIRECTED BY THE ANTERIOR-THUMB AND THE POSTERIOR-FINGER FOR MANDIBULAR ANESTHESIA

Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background and objectives: Since it has a major impact on patient comfort, compliance, and treatment results overall, effective pain management is essential to dental and maxillofacial operations. In the field of mandibular anesthesia, the inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) is one of the most commonly utilized method. It anesthetizes the lower lip, mandibular teeth, and related soft tissues. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the Single Insertion Technique (SIT) for concurrent anesthesia of the long buccal (LBN), lingual (LN), and inferior alveolar (IAN) nerves.

Subjects and Methods: A prospective clinical trial was performed on 1,000 patients aged 18-65 years requiring mandibular procedures. This procedure involved inserting a single long needle, guided by intraoral palpation of the anterior border and extra orally supported along the posterior ramus. Lidocaine (2%) with 1:80,000 epinephrine was administered sequentially to the internal alveolar nerve (IAN), the long buccal nerve (LN), and the lower alveolar nerve (LBN) after passive aspiration.

Results: High success rates were observed: 95% for IAN, 98% for LN, and 85% for LBN blocks. Mean onset times were 3.3 minutes (IAN), 2.2 minutes (LN), and 2.0 minutes (LBN). Anesthesia duration ranged from 40 to 90 minutes, with the IAN block lasting the longest. Patient satisfaction scores exceeded 9/10 across all blocks. A strong negative correlation (r= -0.85 to -0.78, p<0.001) was found between onset time and success rate, indicating that faster onset is associated with greater anesthetic success.

Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the single-entry mandibular nerve block technique, focusing on the anterior thumb and posterior finger landmarks, is a reliable method for anesthetizing the inferior alveolar, lingual, and long buccal nerves. This technique has a high overall success rate (92%), rapid onset, satisfactory duration, and high patient satisfaction, demonstrating strong clinical potential.

Peer Review History:

Received 9 June 2025; Reviewed 11 July 2025; Accepted 24 August; Available online 15 September 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, alyahawipharm@yahoo.com

Reviewers:

Antonio José de Jesus Evangelista, Federal University of Ceará, UFC, Brazil, tony_biomed@hotmail.com

Dr. Adebayo Gege Grace Iyabo, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, funbimbola@gmail.com

IN-VITRO AND IN-VIVO STUDY OF TURMERIC-GINGER SYNERGY IN DIABETIC OXIDATIVE STRESS MANAGEMENT

Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background and aim: Oxidative stress is a major factor in both the progression and the adverse effects of diabetes mellitus. Natural Bioactive substances like curcumin (derived from turmeric) and gingerol (from ginger) possess antioxidant properties that may offer therapeutic benefits by enhancing the body's defense mechanisms against oxidative damage.

This study investigates the synergistic antioxidant effects of co-administered curcumin and gingerol in managing oxidative stress associated with diabetes mellitus.

Method: Oxidative stress biomarkers including superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase, and glutathione were evaluated in experimental rat groups treated with varying doses of curcumin and gingerol. Additionally, in vitro antioxidant activities of turmeric and ginger extracts were assessed using DPPH and FRAP assays.

Results: The combination of 400 mg/kg curcumin and gingerol significantly increased SOD (24.49±6.85 IU/g protein) and catalase (19.02±1.76 kU/g protein) activities (p<0.05) compared to other groups. Glutathione levels also rose notably (5.31±1.26 µg/L), indicating enhanced endogenous antioxidant capacity. Although MDA levels (75.05±24.76 nmol/g protein) were higher than in lower dose groups, they remained lower than in the 200 mg/kg group (135.35±8.51 nmol/g protein), suggesting a dose dependent response. In vitro assays confirmed strong radical scavenging and reducing activities, with turmeric slightly outperforming in FRAP, while ginger matched in DPPH scavenging.

Conclusion: Co-administration of curcumin and gingerol enhances antioxidant defenses more effectively than individual treatments or metformin. This synergy presents a potential adjunct therapy for mitigating oxidative damage in diabetes and merits further clinical investigation.

Peer Review History:

Received 7 June 2025; Reviewed 11 July 2025; Accepted 18 August; Available online 15 September 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, amanyalboghdadly@gmail.com

Reviewers:

Antonio José de Jesus Evangelista, Federal University of Ceará, UFC, Brazil, tony_biomed@hotmail.com

Dr. Ahmad Abdelsattar El-Ebiary, Tanta University Hospitals, Tanta, Egypt, a.ebiary@med.tanta.edu.eg

A NON-PARAMETRIC FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYZING SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY AND CONTAMINATION PATHWAYS IN HEALTHCARE ENVIRONMENTS

Mostafa Essam Eissa — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The systematic management of microbial bioburden in Class C healthcare cleanrooms is a critical factor in patient safety. Standard environmental monitoring often overlooks the complex spatial and statistical relationships of contamination. This study applies a rigorous statistical framework to a comprehensive environmental monitoring dataset to accurately map contamination risk.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed on 318 microbial surface samples from 28 distinct operational locations in a Class C facility. Colony Forming Unit (CFU) data were analyzed using non-parametric statistics due to non-normal distribution, confirmed by Shapiro-Wilk tests on all locations with sufficient sample size (n=12). The Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-hoc analysis was used for group comparisons. Spearman's correlation was used to assess inter-location relationships.

Results: Significant spatial heterogeneity in microbial contamination was confirmed (p<0.0001). Dunn's test identified CP C 11 W as the location with the highest contamination burden (mean CFU=12.17). The most statistically robust contrasts were observed when comparing high-burden sites against the cleanest location, CP C 32 WNme (mean CFU=0.67), which serves as a control benchmark. Multiple high-burden locations, including CP C 11 W and CP C 30 NCu, were found to be significantly more contaminated than this benchmark. No Spearman correlations survived the strict Bonferroni correction; however, the relationship between CP C 11 W and CP C 45 Wif (r=0.882, p<0.05) approached the significance threshold, suggesting a potential pathway requiring further investigation.

Conclusions: Microbial contamination within the facility is spatially patterned, not random. The analysis provides a definitive hierarchy of risk, highlighting CP C 11 W as the primary target for enhanced sanitation. While correlational pathways could not be statistically confirmed, near-significant results provide a clear direction for future, more targeted sampling to validate operational links between zones.

Peer Review History:

Received 5 June 2025; Reviewed 12 July 2025; Accepted 24 August; Available online 15 September 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Alfonso Alexander Aguileral, University of Veracruz, Mexico, aalexander_2000@yahoo.com

Dr. Ali Abdullah A. Al-Mehdar, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TINIDAZOLE ENTERIC COATED TABLETS FOR COLON TARGETING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Fatehalrahman F. Magbool, Elamin Ibrahim Elnima, Shayoub M. E. — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Aim and Objective: Colon-specific delivery systems have garnered significant attention for their capacity to localize therapy within the large intestine, thereby enhancing treatment efficacy for colonic disorders and reducing systemic toxicity.

Methods: Core tablets containing tinidazole were prepared using a variety of polymers in distinct ratios, followed by application of an enteric coating. Pre-compression evaluation included assessment of powder flow characteristics and compatibility checks between the drug and excipients via FT-IR spectroscopy, with all batches demonstrating no evidence of interaction. Post-compression, tablets were tested for weight uniformity, mechanical strength, friability, and content uniformity, alongside in vitro dissolution studies under conditions simulating gastrointestinal transit.

Results: All formulations exhibited acceptable chemical and physical properties, with assay values ranging from 98.44 % to 99.89 %, indicating consistent drug loading across batches F1 through F5. The F5 batch emerged as the optimal candidate, sustaining tinidazole release for six hours and achieving a cumulative release of 98.32 %. Stability testing of F5 at 45 °C and 75 % relative humidity over three months revealed no significant changes in performance or integrity. Consequently, formulation F5 is proposed as a robust platform for targeted colonic delivery of tinidazole.

Conclusion: The investigation achieved the formulation of enteric-coated tinidazole tablets optimized for oral delivery and targeted release in the distal gastrointestinal tract.

Peer Review History:

Received 9 June 2025; Reviewed 14 July 2025; Accepted 23 August; Available online 15 September 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, toyinpharm@gmail.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Ali Awad Allah Ali Moh. Saeed, National University, Sudan, alimhsd@gmail.com

Ali Jaber, Laboratory for Research and Development of Medicines and Natural Products, RDMPN, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon, ali.jaber.2@ul.edu.lb

MAXILLOFACIAL FRACTURE TYPE AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN INDIVIDUALS REFERRED TO THE MILITARY HOSPITAL IN SANA’A CITY, YEMEN

Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background and aims: Maxillofacial fractures, injuries to facial bones, are treated based on type and severity, including common types like mandible, maxilla, zygomatic bone, and nose. University hospitals like Military Hospital use advanced surgical techniques and multidisciplinary care to handle complex cases requiring closed reduction or open reduction and internal fixation. This retrospective study aimed to examine the types and treatment of maxillofacial fractures among individuals referred to the Military Hospital in Sana'a, assess associated complications, evaluate recovery experience, and postoperative quality of life.

Materials & methods: The records of 94 patients, ages 8 to 60, who suffered maxillofacial fractures between January 1, 2022, and December 29, 2022, were examined in this retrospective analysis. From the archival records, information about age, gender, the location and cause of the fracture, and the method of treatment was extracted and examined.

Results: The study involved 94 patients aged 8-60, mostly 16-25, with traffic accidents being the most common cause. Fractures were common, with symphysis being the most common type (62.8%), followed by zygomatic (30.9%). Other types included palate, lateral, suspensory, maxillary sinus, and alveolar process fractures. The study revealed that nasal bridge fractures were the most common nasal bone fracture, accounting for 7.4% of cases. Orbital and facial fractures accounted for 12.8% and 5.3%, respectively.

Conclusions: Traffic accidents were the most common cause of fractures, and the most common type of fracture was a symphysis fracture, followed by a zygomatic fracture. Other types included fractures of the palate, lateral, suspensory, maxillary sinus, and alveolar process.

Peer Review History:

Received 2 June 2025; Reviewed 11 July 2025; Accepted 17 August; Available online 15 September 2025

Academic Editor: Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, gorkemdulger@yandex.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Andrzej Szymański, Poznan University of Technology, Poland, andrzej.szymanski@put.poznan.pl

Dr. Anthony C. C. Egbuonu, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Nigeria, tonycemalukegbuonu@yahoo.com

EVALUATING THE SYNERGISTIC ACTIVITY OF ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS EXTRACTS WITH ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST MDR BACTERIA

Najmaddin Hussein Ali Khalil, Hesham Haider AL-Lebathi — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The rise of antimicrobial resistance and multidrug-resistant bacteria is growing global threat, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, has become a critical challenge in clinical microbiology and pharmacotherapy and even be untreatable with conventional antibiotics. Exploring plant-derived antimicrobial offers promising complementary strategies.

Objective: This study evaluates the antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis and investigate the synergistic effect of the high effective concentration of ethanolic and aqueous extracts in combination with ceftazidime, cefoperazone and gentamycin against P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae.

Method: The dried leaves of rosemary were macerated in 96% ethanol and water to prepare ethanolic and aqueous extract and phytochemical screening was conducted to identify active constituents. Clinical MDR isolates were tested using agar well diffusion method. For synergy, ceftazidime, cefoperazone and gentamycin discs were immersed in 100% ethanolic and aqueous extracts separately and tested against MDR strains.

Results: Ethanolic extract exhibited dose dependent antibacterial activity with maximum zones of inhibition at 100mg/ml: P. aeruginosa (7.50±0.50 mm), K. pneumoniae (6.00±0.20 mm). Aqueous extract showed negligible activity. Synergistic testing revealed enhanced inhibition zones when antibiotic discs were pre-treated with ethanolic extract. While aqueous extract showed decreasing in the inhibition zone.

Conclusions: The 100 mg/ml ethanolic extract of R. officinalis enhances the efficacy of cefoperazone and gentamicin and no effect on ceftazidime. These findings indicate that rosemary extract could serve as potential adjunct in overcoming antibiotic resistance.

Peer Review History:

Received 7 June 2025; Reviewed 11 July 2025; Accepted 18 August; Available online 15 September 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, olorunsolaeo@yahoo.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Areen Alshweiat, University of Szeged, Hungary, areen.alshweiat@hu.edu.jo

Dr. Awofisayo, O Abosede, University of Uyo, Nigeria, shalomgirl08@yahoo.com

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CLASS C AND CLASS D CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS

Mostafa Essam Eissa — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Monitoring and controlling of clean area environment is of paramount importance to ensure product safety and quality. This comprehensive analysis evaluates environmental monitoring (EM) data from Class C and Class D controlled environments in pharmaceutical manufacturing, utilizing Active Air (AA), Passive Air (PA), and Contact Plate (CP) or Replicate Organism Detection And Counting (RODAC) surface samples. The study aims to identify contamination trends, anomalies, and compliance with ISO 14644-1 and EU GMP Annex 1 standards. Results reveal unexpected findings: Class C Active Air (43 CFU/m³) and RODAC (3 CFU/plate) overall averages are higher than Class D Active Air (34 CFU/m³) and RODAC (2 CFU/plate), respectively, deviating from expected cleanroom classification. Class D Passive Air (22 CFU/plate) is higher than Class C (17 CFU/plate), aligning with expectations. Persistent hotspots were identified in Class C (e.g., location labelled “AA C 12 NG0”AA averages± Standard Deviation (SD): 67.33±17 CFU/m³), indicating localized control failures, while Class D showed extreme individual spikes (e.g., AA D 99 Ac: Max 171 CFU/m³). Sporadic contamination events in Class C suggest transient breaches, necessitating root-cause investigations. The study also highlights limitations of Class D monitoring, which obscures temporal trends and risks missing critical excursions due to long intervals between samples. Recommendations include targeted engineering assessments for high-load zones, enhanced Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for cleaning and gowning, adoption of real-time biofluorescent particle counters to replace manual sampling, and increased monitoring frequency in Class D hotspots.

Peer Review History:

Received 3 June 2025; Reviewed 11 July 2025; Accepted 17 August; Available online 15 September 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, maafayed@gmail.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Dennis Amaechi, MrsFoluBabade Mini Estate , Flat 5 by Old Soldiers Quarter, Sabongari/Bwari, Abuja- Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. amaechitoexcel@yahoo.com

Dr. Esther Marguerite Chase DJANGA, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. Department of Public Health. University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon. e.djanga@yahoo.com